{"id":20211,"date":"2019-06-01T13:19:49","date_gmt":"2019-06-01T17:19:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lawjournal.mcgill.ca\/?post_type=articles&p=20211"},"modified":"2021-01-22T13:28:35","modified_gmt":"2021-01-22T18:28:35","slug":"introduction-5","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/mcgill-lawjournal-new.nixa.ca\/fr\/article\/introduction-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pendant des ann\u00e9es, des d\u00e9bats ont fait rage sur l\u2019impact que les nouvelles technologies de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e8re num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb auraient sur les cadres juridiques[1]<\/a>. En changeant nos relations les uns avec les autres et avec le monde qui nous entoure, est-ce que cela modifierait fondamentalement nos relations avec le gouvernement? Les pr\u00e9occupations concernant la confidentialit\u00e9, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9, l\u2019identit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 entourent continuellement les nouveaux d\u00e9veloppements en mati\u00e8re d\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA), d\u2019automatisation et la collecte de donn\u00e9es[2]<\/a>. En accord avec ces pr\u00e9occupations, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral a pris diff\u00e9rentes approches, cherchant notamment \u00e0 instrumentaliser les nouvelles technologies pour en faire des outils gouvernementaux efficaces, mais tout en prot\u00e9geant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des citoyens faces aux risques complexes qu\u2019elles engendrent[3]<\/a>. Compte tenu de l\u2019omnipr\u00e9sence de la technologie dans nos vies, nous nous retrouvons syst\u00e9matiquement des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s aux conflits g\u00e9n\u00e9raux entre la connectivit\u00e9 et l\u2019isolement, la confidentialit\u00e9 et la transparence, ou la confiance et l\u2019imputabilit\u00e9. Par cons\u00e9quent, nous diff\u00e9rons tant sur les possibilit\u00e9s que sur les mani\u00e8res de ma\u00eetriser les risques, en constante \u00e9volution, li\u00e9s aux nouvelles technologies.<\/p>\n

In October 2018 the McGill Law Journal hosted a symposium entitled \u201cProgramming Governance\/Governing Programming\u201d, where students, academics, and professionals gathered to discuss the appropriate role of government in the regulation of technology. The event began with healthy disagreement: does technology fundamentally alter the principles behind law and regulation, or must law simply adapt without altering its basic principles? Building on the symposium discussion, this special issue first considers, then moves beyond the broad question of \u201chow will technology affect law?\u201d, towards specific prescriptions for how we can think about, and live better with, the regulatory challenges that technology poses. In that sense, the authors view the appropriate posture of law towards technology as balancing a dynamic relationship; legal regulation must stabilize expectations, but it must also adapt to new expectations generated by the varied interfaces between our lives and our technology.<\/p>\n

Les articles qui suivent discutent, \u00e0 juste titre, de plusieurs situations concr\u00e8tes o\u00f9 les d\u00e9veloppements technologiques nous conduisent vers le droit comme un \u00e9quilibreur de nos int\u00e9r\u00eats, pr\u00e9servant et parfois redessinant les limites entre nos droits. Certains auteurs examinent les cons\u00e9quences sociales actuelles et comment la technologie requiert r\u00e9glementation, en \u00e9quilibrant les avantages des progr\u00e8s technologiques avec les cons\u00e9quences potentielles pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Ignacio Cofone et Katherine Strandburg analysent les pr\u00e9occupations concernant les secrets algorithmiques dans le contexte de l\u2019apprentissage machine et de la prise de d\u00e9cision, remettant en question l\u2019affirmation selon laquelle le secret emp\u00eache le \u00ab\u00a0gaming\u00a0\u00bb, ce qui a un impact malfaisant sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, ou la manipulation de la prise de d\u00e9cision. Ils utilisent le contexte des d\u00e9cisions de remise en libert\u00e9 sous caution (entre autres) pour argumenter que, dans la plupart des cas, cette all\u00e9gation est exag\u00e9r\u00e9e, et ils trouvent que certaines divulgations obligatoires peuvent \u00eatre socialement avantageuses. Pour guider leur analyse des int\u00e9r\u00eats de la divulgation, Cofone et Strandburg proposent une pr\u00e9somption r\u00e9futable de divulgation et les conditions de son application.<\/p>\n

Moving from technology-influenced decision points to AI-provided advice, Claudia Haupt addresses the concern that unsupervised professional advice provided by AI lies outside the traditional professional-client relationship and its ethical boundaries. She stresses the social element of a technology-mediated human relationship, examining current legal regimes in professional-client confidentiality and evaluating proposals for reform. She concludes by identifying structural and institutional advantages for regulation that flow from the current framework of professional regulation. Diane Ring and Shu-Yi Oei note the influence of big data on governmental choices. They build on recent watershed moments in inter-governmental data sharing and discuss the promise, complications, and potential harms of big data when governments exchange tax information about individuals. They argue that the use of this data in domestic law is subject to political decision-making and presents the possibility for special interest groups to undermine tax enforcement or for political parties to leverage data to attack domestic rivals.<\/p>\n

Other authors ask us to reconceptualize our understanding of current technological and legal regimes, suggesting a dialectical relationship between regulation and technology. Allison Christians proposes a new way to look at the cryptocurrency BitCoin, explaining that the conception of BitCoin as a tax-free, libertarian economic community may not be what it seems. She argues that rather than a private, market-only decision framework, BitCoin is actually a regulatory framework that is both inherently regressive and often inflationary. Roberta Mann casts automation itself as labour for tax purposes, noting that the 2016 tax reforms in the United States encourage automation by taxing labour more heavily than capital. She argues that taxing robots as capital, rather than as labour, accelerates the social costs of automation. She explores and evaluates several avenues for reform with an eye to reducing economic inequality. She makes three recommendations and explores the plausibility for success of each one.<\/p>\n

Les auteurs prennent des perspectives vari\u00e9es sur ces sujets, mais ils partagent des th\u00e8mes communs. Globalement, les auteurs acceptent les bienfaits sociaux des nouvelles technologies, ils d\u00e9finissent n\u00e9anmoins certains probl\u00e8mes et proposent des solutions vari\u00e9es pour en disposer. L\u2019\u00e9tendue des solutions explor\u00e9es sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il faut composer avec une combinaison d\u2019une multitude d\u2019objectifs de politique publique pour assurer une distribution ad\u00e9quate des bienfaits des nouvelles technologies au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Dans certaines situations, les politiques g\u00e9n\u00e9rales doivent \u00eatre \u00e9cart\u00e9es au profit de r\u00e9glementations sp\u00e9cifiques. C\u2019est notamment le cas pour encadrer les conseils professionnels fournis par l\u2019intelligence artificielle ou la divulgation de divers indicateurs susceptibles d\u2019influencer les d\u00e9cisions prises par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019algorithmes. Dans d\u2019autres circonstances, des r\u00e9formes fiscales de port\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale pourraient affecter positivement le bien-\u00eatre social \u00e0 l\u2019aube de l\u2019automation. Ensemble, ces articles croient en la promesse d\u2019une am\u00e9lioration de la condition sociale par la technologie, mais avec une importante r\u00e9serve\u00a0: cette promesse ne se r\u00e9alisera qu\u2019\u00e0 partir du moment o\u00f9 nous serons en mesure de mobiliser le pouvoir de r\u00e9guler pour en faire une clef de vo\u00fbte polyvalente face aux changements in\u00e9vitables amen\u00e9s par les nouvelles technologies.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n

<\/a>[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Voir par ex Frank H Easterbrook, \u00ab\u00a0Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse\u00a0\u00bb (1996) U Chicago Legal F 207; Lawrence Lessig, \u00ab\u00a0The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach\u00a0\u00bb (1999) 113:2 Harv L Rev 501; Joel Dinerstein, \u00ab\u00a0Technology and its Discontents: on the Verge of the Posthuman\u00a0\u00bb (2006) 58:3 Am Quarterly 569; \u00ab\u00a0The Scientific Events that Shaped the Decade\u00a0\u00bb, Nature<\/em> (18 December 2019), en ligne: <www.nature.com> [perma.cc\/C7A8-URW].<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Voir par ex Jack M Balkin, \u00ab\u00a0Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation\u00a0\u00bb (2018) 51:3 UC Davis L Rev 1149; Julie E Cohen, \u00ab\u00a0Examined Lives: Informational Privacy and the Subject as Object\u00a0\u00bb (2000) 52:5 Stan L Rev 1373.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Voir Gouvernement du Canada, Secr\u00e9tariat du Conseil du Tr\u00e9sor du Canada, Plan strat\u00e9gique des op\u00e9rations num\u00e9riques de 2018 \u00e0 2022<\/em> (2018), en ligne: <www.canada.ca> [perma.cc\/67DU-QLPN]; Gouvernement du Canada, Secr\u00e9tariat du Conseil du Tr\u00e9sor du Canada, Directive sur la prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e<\/em> (2019), en ligne: <www.canada.ca> [perma.cc\/599W-33D7]; Gouvernement du Canada, R\u00e9forme des lois sur la vie priv\u00e9e : Pour faire respecter les droits et r\u00e9tablir la confiance envers le gouvernement et l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique<\/em> (2019), No IP51-1F-PDF, en ligne: <priv.gc.ca> [perma.cc\/RA9K-PAMG] (\u00ab\u00a0Facebook refuse de corriger les lacunes constat\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re de protection de la vie priv\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 la p 47; \u00ab\u00a0Lacunes en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 menant \u00e0 une atteinte massive chez Equifax\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 la p 49).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pendant des ann\u00e9es, des d\u00e9bats ont fait rage sur l\u2019impact que les nouvelles technologies de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e8re num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb auraient sur les cadres juridiques[1]. En changeant nos relations les uns avec les autres et avec le monde qui nous entoure, est-ce que cela modifierait fondamentalement nos relations avec le gouvernement? Les pr\u00e9occupations concernant la confidentialit\u00e9, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9, … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-20211","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIntroduction - McGill Law Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mcgill-lawjournal-new.nixa.ca\/article\/introduction-5\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Introduction - McGill Law Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pendant des ann\u00e9es, des d\u00e9bats ont fait rage sur l\u2019impact que les nouvelles technologies de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e8re num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb auraient sur les cadres juridiques[1]. 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